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CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS: GENDER ROLES

All cultures have assigned certain types of behaviors (or roles) to men and certain types to women, although the specific roles vary greatly from culture to culture. Margaret Mead (1935) was one of the first investigators to document the variety of gender roles among different cultures. Her study of three primitive tribes in New Guinea is representative of the diversity of general behavioral patterns. Among the Arapesh, both males and females have developed what are often termed feminine traits. On the other hand, among the Mundugamor, both sexes seem to closely approximate a masculine stereotype. Finally, the Tchambuli live in what we might call a cross-sexed society: the males tend to take what we would consider feminine roles and the females, more masculine roles.

In recent years, gender roles in our American culture have evolved significantly and are generally more flexible and are much broader than in previous generations. Both women and men today are actively involved in occupations and activities that only a few years ago were identified with only one sex or the other. For example, women are becoming more active in business and politics, and it is not uncommon for men to take a more active role in child-rearing and household tasks. On the other hand, some societies function with very narrowly defined gender roles. Many tribes of the American Plains Indians operated with these strictly defined roles, where the women were exclusively responsible for the care of infants, for cooking, and for other household jobs, and the men were the providers of food and shelter (and were usually also required to be warriors, oriented toward aggression against other tribes).

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